The hidden dangers of over-the-counter medicine

Not all over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are as safe or effective as you think, with misuse carrying real risks, like side effects, interaction with other medication, and addiction.

OTC medication is widely used to treat minor health issues at home, offering convenience and quick relief.

However, it is important to remember that these medicine are not risk-free, and their effectiveness isn’t always fully proven.

Misusing some OTC drugs, like dextromethorphan in cough syrups or pseudoephedrine in allergy medicines, for example, can lead to serious side effects and broader public health concerns.

What are the risks associated with self-medication and taking unprescribed medication?

People can choose the wrong medicine for their condition, take the wrong dose, or experience harmful side effects. Some medications can also interact with others a person is already taking, making problems worse.

In addition, using medicines without proper guidance can mask serious symptoms, delaying a correct diagnosis and proper treatment.

The safest approach is to use OTC medicines carefully, follow dosing instructions, and to consult a pharmacist or doctor when in doubt.

Responsible use helps people get relief safely while avoiding unnecessary health risks.

Can buying OTC medication without a diagnosis lead to addiction or other complications?

Buying OTC medication without a proper diagnosis could indeed lead to complications, even though the most addictive drugs are not sold this way.

Medicines are categorised under ‘schedules’ based on their risk, and highly addictive substances are strictly prescription only.

However, some OTC products, such as certain cough syrups, sleep aids, and decongestant sprays, can still be misused or cause dependence if taken too often or in high doses.

Professional advice is important for safe treatment.

How can one safely use OTC medications without a doctor’s prescription?
Using OTC medication safely doesn’t have to fall entirely on the patient.

Pharmacists play an important role and can be consulted before choosing any OTC product.

They can help identify the right medicine, check for possible interactions with other drugs, and advise on proper dosing.

Patients should still read labels and avoid exceeding recommended amounts, but seeking quick guidance from a pharmacist ensures safer self-medication and reduces the risk of choosing the wrong treatment or masking a more serious condition.

Severe, persistent, or unexplained symptoms should be assessed by a doctor.

When in doubt, pharmacists can provide quick, reliable guidance without the need for an appointment.

Even medicines considered safe and available over the counter should be used responsibly.

For example, emergency contraceptives are intended for occasional use and repeated or frequent use without consulting a healthcare professional could have side effects and may mask underlying reproductive health issues.

Reading labels carefully, following dosing instructions, and seeking guidance from a pharmacist or doctor will help to ensure medicines are used safely and effectively.

What are the potential interactions between OTC medications and other prescribed medications?

OTC medications can sometimes interact with prescribed medicine in ways that reduce effectiveness or cause harmful side effects.

For example, common painkillers like ibuprofen can interfere with blood pressure medication or increase the risk of stomach bleeding when combined with certain prescriptions.

Antihistamines (anti-allergic medicine) and some cold medicines can intensify the sedative effects of antidepressants or anxiety medication.

Even seemingly harmless products, like antacids, herbal supplements, or vitamins, can change how prescription drugs are absorbed in the body.

Because these interactions are not always obvious, pharmacists play a key role in checking for risks and helping patients choose safe options when using OTC medicines alongside their regular prescriptions.

How can people avoid misdiagnosing themselves and taking the wrong medication?

People can avoid misdiagnosing themselves by being cautious and seeking guidance before taking any medication.

Persistent, severe, or unusual symptoms should always be evaluated by a doctor rather than treated with self-medication.

OTC medicines should not be used for too long, and if symptoms don’t improve within 48 hours (or as advised on the label), medical care should be sought.

Pharmacists can help by advising on the right medicines and checking for interactions with other drugs.

Reading labels carefully and following dosing instructions also reduces the risk of taking the wrong treatment, ensuring safer care overall.

What are the signs of addiction or overdose should people look out for when taking medication?
Warning signs of medication misuse can be:

Addiction: needing higher doses, taking medicine more often than recommended, feeling anxious or restless without it
Overdose: severe nausea, dizziness, extreme drowsiness, trouble breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness It’s important to follow instructions, avoid exceeding recommended doses, and seek medical help immediately if any of these signs appear.

These symptoms are not limited to the above as overdose signs can vary depending on the medication.

How often should one consult a doctor before taking any medication, even if it’s available over the counter?

Studies indicate high prevalence rates for self-medication with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs for dental issues and other conditions, suggesting routine reliance on these medications without professional guidance.

OTC medicines should be used with caution.

People should consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking any medication if they have chronic health conditions, are on other medications, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are giving medicine to a child or the elderly.

For minor issues like a mild headache or cold, following the label instructions is usually sufficient, but if symptoms persist or worsen after a couple of days, medical advice should be sought promptly.

When in doubt, it’s always safer to ask a professional first.

While OTC medicine can be convenient, it should be used responsibly.

Reading labels, following dosing instructions, and consulting pharmacists or doctors when needed help reduce risks.
– Dr Tomica Zarou is a Windhoek-based general practitioner.

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