Africa’s crisis is often blamed on others. China exploits Africa. The West manipulates Africa. Russia returns through strategic interest. Foreign companies extract minerals. International institutions discipline African economies. External powers interfere, advise, finance, pressure, sanction and manage. Much of this…

Public Discussion of corruption often begins with a simple assumption: something went wrong because governance failed. The phrase feels right. It captures outrage. It signals breakdown. It directs attention towards accountability. Yet it also conceals something more precise about what…